Skip to main content

Table 1 Demographic information of the study participants at baseline (n = 12,452), and comparison between those did and did not develop dementia during the follow-up period

From: Neuropsychiatric symptoms in cognitively normal older persons, and the association with Alzheimer’s and non-Alzheimer’s dementia

Variable

Overall sample (n = 12,452)

Participants who did not develop dementia (n = 11,728)

Participants who developed dementia (n = 724)

p valuea

Age, median (IQR; full range)

72 (67–79; 60–104)

72 (67–78; 60–104)

79 (74–84; 60–99)

< 0.001

Male sex, n (%)

4514 (36.3)

4241 (36.2)

273 (37.7)

0.400

Ethnicity, n (%)

   

< 0.001

 White

9902 (79.5)

9279 (79.1)

623 (86.0)

 

 African American

1773 (14.2)

1696 (14.5)

77 (10.6)

 

 Others/unknown

777 (6.2)

753 (6.4)

24 (3.3)

 

Years of education, median (IQR; full range)

16 (14–18; 0–29)

16 (14–18; 0–29)

16 (12–18; 3–29)

< 0.001

APOE e4 genotype, n (%)

   

< 0.001

 Two copies of e4 allele

242 (1.9)

212 (1.8)

30 (4.1)

 

 One copy of e4 allele

2528 (20.3)

2309 (19.7)

219 (30.2)

 

 No e4 allele/unknown

9682 (77.8)

9207 (78.5)

475 (65.6)

 

History of psychiatric diagnosis, n (%)

3513 (28.2)

3308 (28.2)

205 (28.3)

0.950

Use of antidepressants, n (%)

2278 (18.3)

2133 (18.2)

145 (20.0)

0.210

Use of anxiolytics, n (%)

1436 (11.5)

1362 (11.6)

74 (10.2)

0.260

Use of antipsychotics, n (%)

86 (0.7)

83 (0.7)

3 (0.4)

0.350

Presence of NPS, n (%)

 Any NPS

3941 (31.6)

3635 (31.0)

306 (42.3)

< 0.001

 Depression

1629 (13.1)

1488 (12.7)

141 (19.5)

< 0.001

 Anxiety

1107 (8.9)

1027 (8.8)

80 (11.0)

0.035

 Apathy

574 (4.6)

506 (4.3)

68 (9.4)

< 0.001

 Sleep

1306 (10.5)

1212 (10.3)

94 (13.0)

0.024

 Appetite

686 (5.5)

601 (5.1)

85 (11.7)

< 0.001

 Agitation

733 (5.9)

658 (5.6)

75 (10.4)

< 0.001

 Irritability

1411 (11.3)

1301 (11.1)

110 (15.2)

< 0.001

 Disinhibition

327 (2.6)

293 (2.5)

34 (4.7)

< 0.001

 Elation

114 (0.9)

99 (0.8)

15 (2.1)

< 0.001

 Motor disturbance

160 (1.3)

143 (1.2)

17 (2.3)

0.009

 Delusions

97 (0.8)

78 (0.7)

19 (2.6)

< 0.001

 Hallucinations

41 (0.3)

35 (0.3)

6 (0.8)

0.016

  1. IQR interquartile range, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, NPS neuropsychiatric symptoms
  2. aTest of difference between participants who did and did not developed dementia during the follow-up period: chi-square test for categorical variables, and the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables. Boldfaced p values are ≤ 0.05