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Table 2 Descriptives, effect sizes, and results of ANCOVA for physical test scores

From: Effects of low- and high-intensity physical exercise on physical and cognitive function in older persons with dementia: a randomized controlled trial

Testa

Group

Baseline

12 weeks

24 weeks

Effect size, baseline-12 weeksb

F(1, 66)c, p

Effect size, baseline-24 weeksb

F(1, 66)c, p

6MWT (m)

Exercise

278 (89.4)

280 (87.0)

289 (95.0)

0.18 [− 0.30, 0.65]

2.73, p > 0.05

0.08 [− 0.40, 0.56]

1.36, p > 0.05

Control

234 (88.6)

222 (98.8)

238 (87.4)

SPPB (score)

Exercise

8.75 (2.25)

9.19 (2.37)

8.96 (2.31)

0.28 [− 0.20, 0.76]

3.27c, p > 0.05

0.16 [− 0.32, 0.64]

2.46, p > 0.05

Control

7.77 (2.08)

7.58 (2.14)

7.61 (2.41)

6MWS (m/s)

Exercise

0.93 (0.31)

0.93 (0.25)

0.98 (0.25)

0.04 [− 0.44, 0.52]

1.46, p > 0.05

0.41 [− 0.07, 0.90]

12.83, p < 0.001**

Control

0.85 (0.22)

0.84 (0.22)

0.79 (0.27)

FICSIT-4 (score)

Exercise

3.36 (1.06)

3.45 (1.19)

3.30 (1.31)

0.15 [− 0.33, 0.63]

1.45, p > 0.05

− 0.15 [0.63, 0.33]

0.09, p > 0.05

Control

2.90 (1.40)

2.81 (1.24)

3.03 (1.35)

TUG (s)

Exercise

14.4 (6.24)

13.6 (5.56)

14.1 (6.62)

0.23 [− 0.26, 0.71]

2.35, p > 0.05

0.17 [− 0.31, 0.66]

1.43, p > 0.05

Control

17.3 (5.56)

17.8 (7.57)

18.0 (7.20)

Leg strength (N)

Exercise

202 (91.4)

208 (98.4)

214 (95.8)

0.21 [− 0.27, 0.69]

2.01, p > 0.05

0.07 [− 0.41, 0.55]

0.39, p > 0.05

Control

188 (51.4)

177 (58.5)

194 (67.0)

  1. Values are mean (SD). N total = 69; N = 39 exercise vs. N = 30 control. Baseline-12 weeks is the low-intensity phase; baseline-24 weeks is the full study period (low-intensity and high-intensity phase). a6MWT 6-meter walk test, SPPB short physical performance Battery, 6MWS 6-meter walk speed; TUG Timed Up & Go. bCohen’s d with 95% CI, positive effect sizes are in favor of exercise group. cANCOVA with baseline as a covariate and use of walking aid as a factor, the main effect of group (exercise vs. control). **Significant at p < 0.001