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Table 2 Outcome comparisons at baseline and post-intervention

From: Effects of functional tasks exercise on cognitive functions of older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled pilot trial

Measures

Cognitive training group (n = 15)

Exercise training group (n = 16)

Functional task exercise group (n = 14)

Waitlist control group (n = 14)

p value (group)

Pre-test mean (SD)

Post-test mean (SD)

Gain score mean (SD) (95% CI)

Pre-test mean (SD)

Post-test mean (SD)

Gain score mean (SD) (95% CI)

Pre-test mean (SD)

Post-test mean (SD)

Gain score mean (SD) (95% CI)

Pre-test mean (SD)

Post-test mean (SD)

Gain score mean (SD) (95% CI)

NCSE domain normal

6.8 (1.78)

6.40 (2.20)

− 0.40 (1.24) (− 1.08–0.28)

7.0 (2.03)

6.94 (1.95)

− 0.06 (1.12) (− 0.66–0.53)

7.50 (1.74)

7.57 (1.78)

0.07 (1.07) (− 0.54–0.69)

6.79 (1.48)

6.43 (1.74)

− 0.35 (1.15) (− 1.02–0.30)

0.653

 p value#

0.223

 

0.873

 

0.803

 

0.272

  

NCSE composite score

61.27 (9.24)

58.80 (11.01)

− 2.46 (5.69) (− 5.61–0.68)

61.19 (13.54)

60.69 (11.33)

− 5.00 (6.02) (− 3.70–2.70)

65.78 (9.34)

66.14 (9.71)

0.35 (4.89) (− 2.46–3.18)

62.14 (8.46)

59.57 (8.46)

− 2.57 (4.05) (− 4.91 to − 0.23)

0.785

 p value#

0.153

 

0.660

 

0.789

 

0.033*

  

CVVLT total free recall

14.93 (3.95)

14.80 (5.45)

− 1.33 (4.14) (− 2.42–2.15)

15.50 (4.70)

13.69 (5.52)

− 1.81 (5.94) (− 4.97–1.35)

15.93 (6.84)

20.57 (6.74)

4.64 (4.67) (1.94–7.33)

15.00 (4.88)

16.43 (4.85)

1.43 (3.11) (− 0.36–3.22)

0.009**

 p value#

0.893

 

0.241

 

0.006**

 

0.103

  

CVVLT 30s delayed recall

2.87 (2.13)

3.60 (1.96)

0.73 (2.09) (− 0.42–1.88)

3.50 (1.86)

2.94 (2.02)

− 0.56 (2.16) (− 1.71–0.58)

4.07 (2.09)

5.28 (2.73)

1.21 (1.88) (0.12–2.30)

4.57 (1.65)

4.29 (2.55)

− 0.28 (1.54) (− 1.17–0.60)

0.096

 p value#

0.182

 

0.286

 

0.038*

 

0.433

  

CVVLT 10 min delayed recall

1.60 (1.96)

2.07 (2.02)

0.47 (1.64) (−0.44–1.37)

2.19 (2.07)

2.00 (2.07)

− 0.19 (1.38) (− 0.92–0.54)

3.21 (2.49)

4.78 (2.99)

1.57 (1.95) (0.44–2.69)

2.57 (2.41)

2.93 (2.84)

0.36 (1.86) (− 0.71–1.43)

0.071

 p value#

0.131

 

0.469

 

0.015*

 

0.340

  

TMT-A

122.87 (80.96)

126.13 (83.71)

3.27 (67.41) (− 34.06–40.59)

126.19 (89.48)

126.00 (77.51)

− 0.188 (30.17) (− 16.26–15.89)

96.21 (45.53)

70.36 (31.02)

− 25.14 (28.15) (− 41.39 to − 8.88)

115.71 (66.75)

116.50 (71.76)

0.79 (33.89) (− 18.78–20.35)

0.085

 p value#

0.937

 

0.889

 

0.006**

 

0.695

  

TMT-B

238.93 (89.79)

235.60 (86.67)

− 2.67 (31.40) (− 20.05–14.72)

225.25 (77.46)

213.69 (93.16)

− 11.56 (63.61) (− 45.45–22.33)

188.86 (92.64)

155.71 (98.17)

− 33.14 (56.97) (− 66.03 to − 0.25)

202.35 (82.91)

225.43 (80.24)

1.07 (57.63) (− 32.20–34.5)

0.095

 p value#

1.000

 

0.674

 

0.023*

 

0.139

  

Lawton IADL

17.93 (5.71)

17.80 (6.11)

− 0.13 (2.45) (− 1.48–1.22)

17.81 (4.56)

18.50 (3.98)

0.69 (2.15) (− 0.45–1.83)

20.42 (2.50)

22.50 (3.13)

2.07 (1.77) (1.04–3.09)

18.64 (4.94)

18.14 (4.87)

− 0.50 (1.83) (− 1.55–0.55)

0.005**

 p value#

1.000

 

0.287

 

0.005**

 

0.234

  

ZBI

25.2 (9.65)

38.40 (27.56)

13.20 (23.78) (− 16.33–42.73)

28.67 (10.97)

30.56 (12.89)

1.89 (6.86) (− 3.38–7.16)

18.83 (11.37)

13.67 (13.92)

− 5.16 (6.74) (− 12.23–1.90)

25.00 (8.84)

24.38 (9.43)

− 0.63 (1.19) (− 1.61–0.36)

0.037*

 p value#

0.285

 

0.655

 

0.042*

 

0.180

  
  1. CI confidence interval, NCSE Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination, CVVLT Chinese Version Verbal Learning Test, TMT-A Trail Making Test-part A, TMT-B Trail Making Test-part B, Lawton IADL Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale, ZBI Zarit Burden Interview
  2. p value# = within-group effects (by time): *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01
  3. p value (group) = between-group effects: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01
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Alzheimer's Research & Therapy

ISSN: 1758-9193