Fig. 5

High-fat high-carbohydrate (HFHC) diet and solTNF neutralization with XPro1595 impact brain immunomodulatory genes expression. a RT² Profiler PCR Array analysis of the pre-frontal cortex demonstrate immunomodulatory genes significantly up- and downregulated (≥ 3-fold regulations changes) in the pre-frontal cortex in the presence of high-fat high-carbohydrate diet or soluble TNF neutralization. b-e HFHC diet increases Socs3 mRNA expression in the hypothalamus (n = 6, diet effect P = 0.0018); no significant changes in hypothalamic Tlr4, Lcn2, and Il-6 were observed. Tissues analyzed by qPCR had the Ct values normalized to the Ct values for Gapdh and Ppia. The relative expression level of the target gene (fold change) was expressed as 2^−ΔΔCt, when compared with the mean DCt (threshold cycle) of the control group. Pre-frontal cortex samples were pooled together from an n = 6–7 mice per group. Abbreviations: qPCR, quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; Cxcl11, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11; Cxcl9, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9; Il1rn, interleukin 1 receptor antagonist; Il23a, interleukin 23, alpha subunit p19; Crp, C-reactive protein, pentraxin-related; Tnf, tumor necrosis factor; Tirap, Toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor protein; Ifn, interferon; Tnfsf14, tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 14; Ccr4, chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 4; Ccl20, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20; Ccr7, chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 7. qPCR data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons in GraphPad Prism 6. Bar height indicates mean of samples; error bars indicate standard error of the mean (SEM). Means with different lowercase letters are significantly different from each other, P < 0.05