Effects of lifetime cumulative ginseng intake on cognitive function in late life

Table 2 Impact of cumulative ginseng intake on baseline CERAD total and MMSE-DS scores

	Cumulative ginseng intake			F value for ANOVA F(2, 6420)	Post hoc^a	F value for ANCOVA^b F(2, 4762)	Post hoc^a
Baseline neuropsychological tests	No use (N = 5745)	Low use (< 5 years) (N = 491)	High use (≥ 5 years) (N = 186)	F value for ANOVA F(2, 6420)	Post hoc^a	F value for ANCOVA^b F(2, 4762)	Post hoc^a
CERAD total score	60.2 ± 14.9	64.8 ± 12.3	68.1 ± 10.8	47.049^*	0 < 1 < 2
CERAD total score	62.3 ± 13.6	65.9 ± 11.7	68.5 ± 10.7			3.978^**	0 < 2
MMSE-DS score	25.2 ± 4.2	26.3 ± 3.1	27.0 ± 2.2	32.825^*	0 < 1, 0 < 2
MMSE-DS score	25.9 ± 0.043	26.1 ± 0.139	26.2 ± 0.221			1.174

Data shown as mean ± standard deviation for analysis of variance (ANOVA), adjusted mean ± standard error for analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
CERAD Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease, MMSE-DS Mini-Mental State Examination for dementia screening
^*p < 0.001; ^**p = 0.019
^aPost-hoc analysis using Bonferroni; 0, 1, and 2 denote no-users, low ginseng intake group (< 5 years), and high ginseng intake group (≥ 5 years) respectively
^bANCOVA adjusted for age, sex, years of education, socioeconomic status, body mass index, smoking (pack-years), alcohol intake (units in lifetime), presence of hypertension, stroke history, Korean version of Geriatric Depression Scale, Cumulative Illness Rating Scale, and presence of APOE e4 allele

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