Fig. 7

S14 treatment restores mitochondrial protein levels in the cerebral cortex in APP/PS1 mice. a Representative immunoblots (upper panels) and protein level quantification detected by Western blot (lower panel) showing a significant reduction in the complex V β subunit (CxVβ) levels in the cerebral cortex from APP/PS1 mice compared to the wild-type (wt) group. When transgenic mice were treated with S14, CxVβ levels were slightly but not significantly recovered (n = 3–5 mice per group; *p < 0.05). b Representative Western blot bands (upper panel), and quantified levels detected by Western blot (bottom panel) showing a significant reduction in Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator α (PGC-1α) levels in the cerebral cortex from APP/PS1 mice compared with the wild-type group. When transgenic mice were treated with S14, PGC-1α levels were recovered. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 4–5 mice per group; *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001). c Ubiquitination pattern of mitofusins in cerebral cortex from mice. S14 treatment restored the observed increased ubiquitination of mitofusin1 (Mfn1) and mitofusin2 (Mfn2) in the APP/PS1 transgenic mice. d Representative Western blot and e estimated optic atrophy 1 (Opa1) and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) protein levels in the cortex from APP/PS1 and wild-type mice. Opa1 protein levels were found to be reduced and Drp1 levels were found to be increased in APP/PS1 mice. S14 treatment was able to restore both to those observed in wild-type mice. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM; n = 3–6 mice per group; *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001. f Representative Western blot and g estimated p62 and light chain 3 (LC3)-II protein levels in the cortex from APP/PS1 and wild-type mice. p62 and LC3-II protein levels were found to be increased in the cerebral cortex from APP/PS1 mice, and S14 treatment was able to restore both to those observed in wild-type mice. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM; n = 3–5 mice per group; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ****p < 0.0001. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s post-hoc test for multiple comparisons. Veh vehicle