A novel language-neutral Visual Cognitive Assessment Test (VCAT): validation in four Southeast Asian countries

Lim, Levinia; Ng, Tze Pin; Ong, Anam Paulus; Tan, Maw Pin; Cenina, Alvin Rae; Gao, Qi; Ng, Adeline; Kandiah, Nagaendran

doi:10.1186/s13195-017-0333-z

Table 3 Demographics, MoCA, and VCAT scores for cognitively impaired participants based on language classifications

From: A novel language-neutral Visual Cognitive Assessment Test (VCAT): validation in four Southeast Asian countries

	Writing system classification
	Alphabetic (N = 90)	Logographic (N = 30)	p value (univariate)	p value (GLM)*	Indo-European (N = 35)	Sino-Tibetan (N = 27)	Austronesian (N = 55)	p value (univariate)	p value (GLM)**
Age
Mean (SD)	68.78 (9.54)	71.17 (9.37)	0.225		73.69 (7.90)	70.26 (9.36)	65.65 (9.22)	< 0.001
Years of education
Mean (SD)	12.06 (3.49)	9.47 (4.22)	0.000		11.82 (3.23)	9.26 (4.26)	12.21 (3.67)	0.001
Gender
Male (%)	45 (50.0)	15 (50.0)	0.583		16 (45.7)	14 (51.9)	29 (52.7)	0.852
Race, N (%)
Chinese	27 (30.0)	30 (100.0)			27 (77.1)	27 (100.0)	0 (0.0)
Malay	39 (43.3)	0 (0.0)			1 (2.9)	0 (0.0)	38 (69.1)
Indian	5 (5.6)	0 (0.0)			5 (14.3)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Filipinos and others	19 (21.1)	0 (0.0)	0.000		2 (5.7)	0 (0.0)	17 (30.9)	< 0.001
Employment, N (%)
Unemployed	5 (5.6)	4 (13.3)			2 (5.7)	4 (14.8)	3 (5.5)
Employed	25 (27.8)	1 (3.3)			3 (8.6)	1 (3.7)	22 (40.0)
Retired	60 (66.7)	25 (83.3)	0.012		30 (85.7)	22 (81.5)	30 (54.5)	0.001
MoCA
Mean (SD)	15.98 (5.98)	18.43 (4.61)	0.064	0.306	18.86 (4.85)	18.48 (4.69)	14.15 (5.94)	< 0.001	0.002^a,b,c
VCAT memory
Mean (SD)	5.96 (3.39)	5.73 (3.46)	0.738	0.927	6.11 (3.39)	5.63 (3.42)	5.85 (3.41)	0.823	0.756
VCAT language
Mean (SD)	3.06 (1.12)	3.07 (1.20)	0.914	0.395	3.17 (0.99)	3.04 (1.22)	2.98 (1.19)	0.863	0.210
VCAT visuospatial
Mean (SD)	1.82 (0.80)	2.20 (0.41)	0.022	0.004	1.77 (0.84)	2.22 (0.42)	1.85 (0.78)	0.059	0.006^a
VCAT executive function
Mean (SD)	2.74 (1.62)	3.00 (1.37)	0.315	0.476	3.14 (1.75)	3.07 (1.41)	2.49 (1.49)	0.091	0.099
VCAT attention
Mean (SD)	0.53 (1.03)	0.40 (0.86)	0.652	0.198	0.71 (1.27)	0.44 (0.89)	0.42 (0.83)	0.488	0.369
VCAT total
Mean (SD)	14.09 (5.27)	14.40 (4.38)	0.764	0.605	14.91 (5.54)	14.41 (4.35)	13.56 (5.07)	0.005	0.275

MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, VCAT Visual Cognitive Assessment Test, GLM general linear model, SD standard deviation
*GLM adjusted for years of education, race, and employment
**GLM adjusted for age, years of education, race, and employment
Pairwise comparison between the language family groups (post-hoc contrast test): ^adifference between Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan; ^bdifference between Sino-Tibetan and Austronesian; ^cdifference between Indo-European and Austronesian

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