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Table 2 Demographics, MoCA, and VCAT scores for healthy controls based on language classifications

From: A novel language-neutral Visual Cognitive Assessment Test (VCAT): validation in four Southeast Asian countries

 

Writing system classification

Language family classification

Alphabetic (N = 116)

Logographic (N = 48)

p value (univariate)

p value (GLM)*

Indo-European (N = 63)

Sino-Tibetan (N = 46)

Austronesian (N = 52)

p value (univariate)

p value (GLM)**

Age

 Mean (SD)

66.10 (8.39)

68.75 (7.05)

0.520

 

68.90 (7.39)

68.70 (7.09)

62.79 (8.43)

< 0.001

 

Years of education

 Mean (SD)

12.61 (3.69)

9.13 (2.58)

0.000

 

12.49 (3.33)

9.09 (2.59)

12.88 (4.02)

< 0.001

 

Gender

 Male (%)

69 (59.5)

17 (35.4)

0.005

 

36 (57.1)

16 (34.8)

32 (61.5)

0.642

 

Race, N (%)

 Chinese

46 (39.7)

47 (97.9)

  

45 (71.4)

46 (100.0)

0 (0.0)

  

 Malay

38 (32.8)

0 (0.0)

  

2 (3.2)

0 (0.0)

36 (69.2)

  

 Indian

10 (8.6)

1 (2.1)

  

10 (15.9)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

  

 Filipinos and others

22 (19.0)

0 (0.0)

0.000

 

6 (9.5)

0 (0.0)

16 (30.8)

< 0.001

 

Employment, N (%)

 Unemployed

15 (12.9)

8 (16.7)

  

7 (11.1)

8 (17.4)

8 (15.4)

  

 Employed

28 (24.1)

8 (16.7)

  

3 (4.8)

8 (17.4)

25 (48.1)

  

 Retired

73 (62.9)

31 (64.6)

0.546

 

53 (84.1)

29 (63.0)

19 (36.5)

0.001

 

MoCA

 Mean (SD)

24.91 (3.40)

27.02 (2.82)

< 0.001

0.001

26.10 (2.76)

27.15 (2.77)

23.38 (3.50)

< 0.001

< 0.001a,b,c

VCAT memory

 Mean (SD)

10.41 (1.76)

10.85 (1.98)

0.073

0.130

10.52 (1.67)

10.89 (1.97)

10.33 (1.82)

0.173

0.051b

VCAT language

 Mean (SD)

4.10 (0.77)

4.00 (0.85)

0.539

0.909

4.13 (0.77)

4.00 (0.87)

4.10 (0.77)

0.801

0.423

VCAT visuospatial

 Mean (SD)

2.24 (0.57)

2.38 (0.53)

0.188

0.340

2.27 (0.48)

2.39 (0.54)

2.19 (0.66)

0.285

0.480

VCAT executive function

 Mean (SD)

4.22 (1.70)

3.63 (1.48)

0.24

0.710

4.40 (1.65)

3.65 (1.45)

3.96 (1.74)

0.043

0.270

VCAT attention

 Mean (SD)

1.58 (1.35)

1.50 (1.38)

0.704

0.805

1.46 (1.35)

1.57 (1.38)

1.69 (1.34)

0.661

0.709

VCAT total

 Mean (SD)

22.53 (3.53)

22.35 (3.47)

0.794

0.413

22.78 (3.34)

22.50 (3.37)

22.23 (3.79)

0.730

0.071b

  1. MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, VCAT Visual Cognitive Assessment Test, GLM general linear model, SD standard deviation
  2. *GLM adjusted for years of education, gender, and race
  3. **GLM adjusted for age, years of education, race, and employment
  4. Pairwise comparison between the language family groups (post-hoc contrast test): adifference between Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan; bdifference between Sino-Tibetan and Austronesian; cdifference between Indo-European and Austronesian
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Alzheimer's Research & Therapy

ISSN: 1758-9193