Table 1 Summary of Rho GTPase alterations in AD mouse models and AD patients

Tg2576

hAPP Swedish (KM670/671NL)

• 12- to 18-month-old, overall ↑ RhoA and ↓ Rac1 in brain

• 18-month-old, RhoA ↓ synapse and ↑ distrophic neurites

• 18-month-old, ↑ Rac1 in cortex

[26] [33] [37]

hAPP J20

hAPP Swedish, Indiana (V717F)

• 14-month-old, ↑ RhoA hippocampus

[38]

5 × FAD/Tg6799

hAPP Swedish, Florida (I716V), London (V717I); PSEN1 (M146L/L286V)

• 9- to 10-month-old, ↑ RhoA brain capillaries

[39]

AD patients

• ↓ Rac1 early stage AD

• ↑ Cdc42 and Rac1 in select neuronal populations

• ↓ Rac1 and PAK1 in frontal and occipital lobes

• RhoA ↓ in neuropils, ↑ neurons, and colocalized with hyperphosphorylated tau leading to ↓ RhoA activity

[41] [3] [42] [33]