Table 1 Comparison of antidepressant users and nonusers in terms of baseline characteristics, and unadjusted and propensity score adjusted logistic regression for differences

Female gender (matching criteria)

69.0% (15,064)

69.0% (7532)

1.00 (0.95–1.05)

0.94 (0.90–1.00)

Aged ≥80 years (matching criteria)

51.6% (11,261)

51.4% (5613)

0.99 (0.95–1.04)

0.94 (0.90–1.00)

 High

34.7% (7578)

33.5% (3659)

Reference

Reference

 Medium

57.8% (12,618)

59.2% (6463)

1.06 (1.01–1.12)

1.04 (0.98–1.09)

 Low

6.3% (1380)

6.0% (655)

0.98 (0.90–1.09)

0.92 (0.83–1.01)

 Unknown

1.1% (244)

1.2% (133)

1.13 (0.91–1.40)

1.06 (0.85–1.33)

 Cardiovascular disease

50.6% (11,043)

50.7% (5533)

1.00 (0.96–1.05)

1.00 (0.95–1.05)

 Chronic heart failure

28.1% (6124)

29.8% (3215)

1.09 (1.03–1.14)

1.00 (0.95–1.06)

 Cardiac arrhythmia

6.6% (1441)

7.4% (807)

1.13 (1.03–1.24)

1.00 (0.91–1.10)

 Hypertension

30.0% (6543)

31.6% (3445)

1.08 (1.03–1.13)

1.00 (0.95–1.05)

 Epilepsy

2.1% (451)

1.8% (198)

0.87 (0.74–1.04)

0.99 (0.83–1.17)

 Asthma/COPD

8.4% (1837)

8.5% (925)

1.01 (0.93–1.10)

1.00 (0.92–1.09)

 Any chronic pulmonary disease

10.4% (2258)

11.1% (1209)

1.08 (1.00–1.16)

1.00 (0.93–1.08)

 Pulmonary circulation disorders

0.1% (19)

0.1% (11)

1.16 (0.55–2.44)

1.01 (0.48–2.15)

 Diabetes

14.1% (3066)

12.8% (1395)

0.90 (0.84–0.96)

0.99 (0.93–1.06)

 Complicated diabetes

16.1% (3506)

14.9% (1625)

0.91 (0.86–0.98)

0.99 (0.93–1.06)

 Schizophrenia

1.3% (282)

1.1% (121)

0.86 (0.69–1.06)

0.97 (0.78–1.21)

 Bipolar disorder/depression

1.8% (388)

2.7% (291)

1.51 (1.30–1.77)

1.00 (0.85–1.17)

 Psychosis

3.7% (806)

5.7% (624)

1.58 (1.42–1.76)

1.00 (0.90–1.12)

 Metastatic cancer

0.2% (41)

0.2% (18)

0.88 (0.51–1.53)

0.99 (0.56–1.74)

 Any tumor

12.2% (2666)

13.0% (1420)

1.08 (1.00–1.15)

1.00 (0.93–1.08)

 Renal failure

1.3% (273)

1.0% (109)

0.80 (0.64–1.00)

0.97 (0.77–1.22)

 Hemiplegia

0.5% (99)

0.5% (59)

1.19 (0.86–1.65)

1.01 (0.72–1.40)

 Coagulopathy

0.6% (135)

0.7% (78)

1.16 (0.87–1.53)

1.01 (0.75–1.34)

 Liver disease

1.1% (231)

1.0% (110)

0.95 (0.76–1.20)

0.99 (0.79–1.26)

 Peripheral vascular disorder

4.4% (958)

5.0% (550)

1.16 (1.04–1.29)

1.00 (0.90–1.12)

 Anemia

6.8% (1485)

6.4% (693)

0.93 (0.85–1.02)

0.99 (0.90–1.09)

 Fluid and electrolyte disorders

2.9% (633)

3.4% (367)

1.17 (1.02–1.33)

1.00 (0.87–1.14)

 Alcohol abuse

1.1% (239)

1.5% (162)

1.36 (1.11–1.66)

1.01 (0.81–1.23)

 Substance abuse

1.6% (343)

2.0% (218)

1.28 (1.08–1.52)

1.00 (0.84–1.19)

 Previous hospital-treated fracture

19.1% (4165)

21.3% (2328)

1.15 (1.09–1.22)

1.00 (0.95–1.07)

 Hip fracture

5.3% (1153)

6.2% (673)

1.18 (1.07–1.30)

1.00 (0.91–1.11)

 Stroke

8.8% (1928)

10.1% (1097)

1.15 (1.07–1.25)

1.01 (0.93–1.09)

  Opioids

20.3% (4419)

24.6% (2678)

1.28 (1.21–1.35)

1.00 (0.95–1.06)

  Antipsychotics

10.0% (2175)

10.5% (1147)

1.06 (0.98–1.15)

0.99 (0.92–1.07)

  BZDRs

34.8% (7583)

45.4% (4952)

1.56 (1.49–1.64)

1.01 (0.96–1.07)

  Antidepressants

13.5% (2942)

21.2% (2315)

1.73 (1.63–1.84)

1.01 (0.94–1.08)

  Bisphosphonates

13.4% (2915)

14.3% (1560)

1.08 (1.01–1.16)

1.00 (0.93–1.07)

  Anti-parkinson drugs

3.3% (727)

3.8% (410)

1.13 (1.00–1.28)

1.00 (0.88–1.14)

  Antiepileptics

7.5% (1636)

8.9% (975)

1.21 (1.11–1.32)

1.00 (0.92–1.09)

  Analgesics

78.9% (17,215)

82.1% (8952)

1.22 (1.15–1.30)

1.01 (0.95–1.07)

  Cardiovascular drugs

84.0% (18,328)

85.5% (9327)

1.12 (1.05–1.20)

1.00 (0.94–1.07)

  Opioids

3.9% (851)

7.4% (805)

1.96 (1.78–2.17)

1.00 (0.90–1.11)

  Antipsychotics

13.2% (2875)

20.7% (2260)

1.72 (1.62–1.83)

1.00 (0.94–1.08)

  BZDRs

16.9% (3696)

31.0% (3379)

2.20 (2.09–2.32)

1.00 (0.92–1.08)