Fig. 2

Female Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mice (n = 10 per group) aged 10 months old were divided into four groups as follows; wild-type (WT) control, WT treated with CAD-31, AD control, and AD treated with CAD-31. Treatment with CAD-31 (200 ppm in chow) continued for 3 months, followed by behavioral testing with several different memory assays. a Elevated plus maze. AD mice do not have a fear of open spaces and are less anxious than control mice, and CAD-31 corrected this deficit. b AD mice spent significantly less time freezing in response to the context compared with WT mice on day 2, demonstrating a significant deficit in hippocampus-related memory. Treatment with CAD-31 increased the amount of time AD mice spent freezing, suggesting a significant improvement in hippocampus-associated memory. c Two-day Morris water maze (MWM). There were four visible platform trials (V1––V4), where the last visible platform trial of a mouse was considered its posthabituation baseline. On day 2, 24 h following the last visible platform trial, mice were tested in a platform trial (T1). The data show that the AD mice had a very poor memory of the location of the platform that was greatly improved by CAD-31. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test were used to determine the statistical significance of the behavioral responses. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001