Efficacy of the Ubiquitous Spaced Retrieval-based Memory Advancement and Rehabilitation Training (USMART) program among patients with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled crossover trial

Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of participants

Characteristic	All participants	Sequence 1^a	Sequence 2^b	p value*
Characteristic	(n = 43)	(n = 23)	(n = 20)	p value*
Age (years)	74.01 ± 5.53	73.74 ± 4.84	74.50 ± 6.44	0.668
Female	20 (46.5%)	10 (43.5%)	10 (50.0%)	0.669
Educational level (years)	13.22 ± 3.33	13.52 ± 3.20	12.70 ± 3.69	0.443
Cognitive enhancer use	19 (44.2%)	10 (43.5%)	9 (45.0%)	0.128
WLMT	16.56 ± 4.41	15.83 ± 4.49	17.40 ± 4.28	0.247
WLRT	4.44 ± 2.37	4.30 ± 2.48	4.60 ± 2.30	0.687
WLRcT	8.47 ± 1.82	8.70 ± 1.49	8.20 ± 2.14	0.379
SMCQ	6.51 ± 3.15	5.87 ± 3.22	7.25 ± 2.97	0.152
GDS	9.28 ± 6.78	9.96 ± 7.46	8.50 ± 6.00	0.483
MMSE	25.12 ± 2.88	25.70 ± 3.17	24.45 ± 2.42	0.152

Data shown as mean ± standard deviation or n (%)
*Unpaired t tests for continuous variables and chi-squared tests for categorical variables
GDS Geriatric Depression Scale, MMSE Mini Mental State Examination, n number of subjects, SMCQ Subjective Memory Complaint Questionnaire, USMART Ubiquitous Spaced Retrieval-based Memory Advancement and Rehabilitation Training, WLMT Word List Memory Test, WLRcT Word List Recognition Test, WLRT Word List Recall Test
^aParticipants in the USMART–usual care sequence
^bParticipants in the usual care–USMART sequence

ISSN: 1758-9193