From: Retinal vascular and structural changes are associated with amyloid burden in the elderly: ophthalmic biomarkers of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease
Arterial dilation (%)
Venous dilation (%)
Elderly control group (NAL <1.4)
2.4 ± 1
3.1 ± 1.2
Preclinical group (NAL ≥1.4)
2 ± 1.1
3 ± 1.5
Clinical AD
2.7 ± 0.5
2.8 ± 1