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Table 1 Baseline characteristics

From: Transcranial direct current stimulation as a memory enhancer in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial

 

Active tDCS (n = 12)

Placebo tDCS (n = 13)

p Value

Controls (n = 22)

p Value

Age, years

70.0 (8.0)

70.5 (21.0)

75.0 (8.7)

75.0 (30.0)

0.12

68.8 (6.8)

69.0 (24.0)

0.062

Males

7 (58 %)

7 (53 %)

0.85

4 (18 %)

 

DM

12 (100 %)

12 (92 %)

0.76

  

CVLT-II IR

25 (7.9)

22.0 (25.0)

23 (6.8)

23.0 (22.0)

1.00

52.7 (10.0)

54.0 (33.0)

0.01a

CVLT-II DR

−2.7 (0.5)

−2.5 (2.0)

−2.3 (0.8)

−2.5 (2.5)

0.4

−0.4 (0.9)

−0.5 (3.5)

0.01a

CVLT-II RG

0.6 (0.9)

0.7 (3.0)

1.0 (0.5)

1.1 (1.8)

0.24

1.5 (1.0)

2.4 (3.3)

0.01a

TMT A

91.0 (45.0)

81.0 (138.0)

143.0 (65.0)

131.0 (191.0)

0.059

48.5 (18.6)

46.5 (87.0)

0.01a

TMT B

266.0 (123.0)

215.0 (266.0)

347.0 (225.0)

259.0 (693.0)

0.67

93.0 (34.8)

90.5 (149.0)

0 · 01a

Clock

3.33 (1.4)

3.5 (5.0)

1.5 (1.6)

1.0 (4.0)

0.024a

4.86 (0.86)

5.0 (2.0)

0.01a

MMSE

20.0 (2.8)

21.0 (8.0)

21.2 (3.9)

23.0 (13.0)

0.71

29.5 (1.09)

30.0 (5.0)

0.01a

WASI Ma

43.0 (9.2)

44.5 (27.0)

42.5 (6.9)

42.0 (26.0)

0.81

58.05 (9.0)

61.5 (34.0)

0.01a

WASI Vo

41.7 (9.3)

39.0 (31.0)

41.6 (14.3)

44.0 (48.0)

0.76

57.0 (9.9)

57.0 (40.0)

0.01a

Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia

5.7 (4.3)

6.0 (12.0)

4.8 (3.4)

5.0 (12.0)

0.65

  

CAM

0.0

0.0

1.0

  

IQCODE

3.9 (0.3)

4.1 (1.2)

4.1 (0.3)

4.2 (1.1)

1 · 0

  
  1. DM dementia medications, CVLT-II IR California Verbal Learning Test–Second Edition Immediate Recall, CVLT-II DR California Verbal Learning Test–Second Edition Delayed Recall, CVLT-II RG California Verbal Learning Test–Second Edition Recognition, WASI Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, IQCODE Informant Questionnaire of Cognitive Decline in the Elderly, CAM Confusion Assessment Method, MMSE Mini Mental State Examination, TMT Trail Making Test, tDCS transcranial direct current stimulation
  2. Data are the mean (SD) or n (%). Median and range are displayed in italic type. The first p value column shows the differences between the placebo and active groups at baseline. The second p value column displays the differences between the active, placebo, and control groups at baseline. For CVLT-II, delayed recall is displayed as age- and gender-adjusted z-scores (normalized mean 0, SD 1). For immediate recall the score is displayed as a T-score (normalized mean 50, SD 10), and for recognition the score is an adjusted d′ score (relationship between total hits and false-positive results). For TMT A and B, results are displayed in seconds. Maximum score on the MMSE is 30. Scores <24 indicate cognitive impairment [8]. Scores on the WASI are displayed as T-scores (normalized mean 50, SD 10). The cutoff score on the IQCODE for Alzheimer’s disease is >3.5 [15]. For the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia, a cutoff >12 indicates depression [14]. CAM ranges from 0 to 4, where 0 indicates no symptoms of confusion. The clock-drawing test scores range from 0 to 5, where 5 indicates no errors.
  3. a p < 0.05 denotes statistically significant values
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Alzheimer's Research & Therapy

ISSN: 1758-9193