Table 1 Baseline characteristics and cognition at 12 years according to glucose tolerance status at baseline

Age range

25–83

25–83

25–85

25–79

36–75

Age, mean (SD)

47.71 (11.04)

51.31 (10.6)*

53.99 (11.1)*

56.6 (10.5)*

56.4 (9.4)*

Female (%)

2060 (57.1)

65 (25.6)*

249 (58.2)

56 (47.1)

48 (44.0)

BMI, mean (SD) (kg/m²)

25.9 (4.3)

28.5 (4.1)*

28.9 (5.3)*

30.1 (5.5)*

30.6 (6.0)*

Waist circumference, mean (SD) (cm)

 Female

81.8 (11.6)

91.7 (12.4)*

91.0 (13.6)*

96.05 (14.2)*

98.7 (14.0)*

 Male

95.1 (10.2)

100.8 (10.4)*

100.2 (10.8)*

103.7 (11.7)*

104.7 (14.2)*

Highest level of education (%)

 Secondary school

1138 (31.7)

86 (34.3)

174 (40.7)*

48 (41.0)

39 (36.0)

 Trade certificate

1055 (29.4)

91 (36.3)

115 (26.9)

38 (32.5)

37 (34.3)

 Tertiary

1397 (38.9)

74 (29.5)*

138 (32.3)

31 (26.5)

32 (29.6)

Current smoker (%)

390 (11.0)

38 (15.1)

33 (7.8)

7 (6.0)

11 (10.1)

Ex-smoker (%)

960 (27.0)

92 (36.7)*

149 (35.1)*

39 (33.3)

42 (38.5)

Blood pressure, mean (SD) (mmHg)

 Systolic

124.42 (15.7)

130.97 (16.3*

134.06 (17.2)*

143.19 (19.7)*

141.58 (19.9)*

 Diastolic

69.10 (11.1)

73.80 (11.2)*

72.31 (11.7)*

77.40 (11.7)*

74.80 (11.1)*

Fasting blood glucose, mean (SD) (mg/dl)

94.41 (7.0)

113.69 (3.6)

100.54 (10.1)*

131.17 (31.2)*

171.71 (66.7)*

HbA1c, mean (SD) (%)

5.04 (0.2)

5.29 (0.26)*

5.27 (0.3)*

5.90 (1.0)*

7.30 (1.6)*

Exercise mean (SD) (minutes/week)

295.0 (338.9)

275.5 (335.4)

216.02 (260.7)*

236.14 (290.0)*

301.9 (357.6)

Cognition at 12 years, mean (SD)

 MMSE score

28.14 (1.94)

27.6 (2.19)*

27.6 (2.4)*

26.9 (3.5)*

27.3 (2.8)*

 CVLT score

6.64 (2.4)

6.10 (2.4)*

5.87 (2.4)*

5.59 (2.3)*

5.32 (2.4)*

 STW score

49.94 (5.7)

49.29 (7.1)

50.1 (5.5)

49.54 (8.1)

48.98 (7.6)

 SDMT score

50.9 (11.2)

47.30 (11.27)*

46.9 (12.6)*

42.34 (12.57)*

41.44 (12.57)*