From: Post-mortem analysis of neuroinflammatory changes in human Alzheimer’s disease
Human post-mortem tissue | - Genetic heterogeneity |
- Age and gender | |
- Agonal status | |
- Co-morbidities | |
- Cause of death | |
- Post-mortem interval | |
Techniques | |
Fixed tissue | - Immunohistochemistry |
Frozen tissue | - Genomics [39] |
- Proteomics [74] | |
- Primary culture [73] | |
- Flow cytometry [73] | |
Assessment | |
Qualitative | - Cell type |
- Cell morphology | |
Quantitative | - Semi-quantitative rating system |
- Number of cells per area or volume unit | |
- Protein load (percentage) | |
Immune functions | |
Inflammatory profile | - Pro- versus anti-inflammatory cytokines |
- CD14, CD40, major histocompatibility complex II, arginase 1, chitinase, and TREM2 | |
Phagocytosis | - Scavenger receptors (CD68 and CD36), TREM2, FcγRs CD14/TLR4, and phosphatidylserine receptors |
Proliferation | - Ki67, PCNA, and phospho-histone H3 |
Immune cell infiltration | - Monocytes |
○ CCR2 combined with CX3CR1 | |
○ CD45, LyC6, and CD11c | |
- T cells | |
○ CD4 (T helper) | |
○ CD8 (T cytotoxic/suppressor) |