From: Lung disease as a determinant of cognitive decline and dementia
Study design | Population | Cognitive measures | Imaging | Conclusions/comments | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case control | 6 severe COPD | NPT | MRI | SCOPD worse language, executive and visuo-spatial COPD smoked more and increased previous diabetes. No difference in brain volumes. SCOPD frontoparietal and periventricular white matter hyperintensities. Small differences? smoking related | [85] |
13 moderate COPD | T1 | ||||
12 cognitive normal | Diffusion | ||||
? non-hypoxaemic | |||||
Case control | 25 stable COPD versus 25 controls | NPT | MRI | COPD worse MMSE, visual reproduction, figure memory test. COPD reduced GM volume. In COPD some regions correlated with oxygenation and regional GM volume was negatively correlated with disease duration. GM volume in inferior triangular frontal cortex in COPD correlated with picture memory score | [74] |
T1 and VBM | |||||
Case control/longitudinal Rotterdam study | N = 165 COPD | - | MRI susceptibility weighted imaging | COPD greater CMBs at baseline independent of risk factors, including medications such as anti-thrombotics. COPD odds ratio 7.1 of developing deep/paratentorial CMB | [55] |
N = 645 controls | |||||
Case control | N = 37 mild to moderate COPD | MMSE | MRI | The hippocampal volume was significantly smaller in COPD. It positively correlated with MMSE score, oxygen saturation in mild to moderate COPD patients, and levels of blood oxygen in both mild to moderate and severe COPD patients | [73] |
N = 31 controls | |||||
Case control | 25 stable non-hypoxaemic | NPT | MRI volumes, DTI, rfMRI | No age-related atrophy, reduced white matter integrity and increased resting state activation, whiter matter damage widespread and independent of traditional vascular risk measures, may account for cognitive impairment | [56] |
25 controls | |||||
Case control | N = 25 stable | MMSE | MRI, DTI | Reduced GM density and increased fractional anisotropic values in COPD. Possible correlations with oxygen levels, visual tasks and disease duration. But small numbers, weak correlations | [78] |
N = 25 controls | |||||
Case control | 9 controls | NPT | MRI volumes | COPD had worse global cognition, memory, mood, but no difference in brain volumes or spectroscopy. Controlled for age gender and education | [76] |
18 COPD (9 oxygen-dependent) | |||||
Cross-section non-demented elderly community cohort (N = 1,077) | Age 60–90 years | - | MRI | COPD diagnosis had more severe periventricular white matter lesions. But COPD and oxygen not associated with subcortical white matter lesions or lacunar infarcts. Low oxygen saturations independently associated with more severe periventricular white matter lesions | [75] |
Adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, DM, BMI, pack years, cholesterol, Hb, MI, LVH. |