Lung disease as a determinant of cognitive decline and dementia

Dodd, James W

doi:10.1186/s13195-015-0116-3

Alzheimer's Research & Therapy

Table 2 Neuroimaging and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

From: Lung disease as a determinant of cognitive decline and dementia

Study design	Population	Cognitive measures	Imaging	Conclusions/comments	Reference
Case control	6 severe COPD	NPT	MRI	SCOPD worse language, executive and visuo-spatial COPD smoked more and increased previous diabetes. No difference in brain volumes. SCOPD frontoparietal and periventricular white matter hyperintensities. Small differences? smoking related	[85]
	13 moderate COPD		T1
	12 cognitive normal		Diffusion
	? non-hypoxaemic		Diffusion
Case control	25 stable COPD versus 25 controls	NPT	MRI	COPD worse MMSE, visual reproduction, figure memory test. COPD reduced GM volume. In COPD some regions correlated with oxygenation and regional GM volume was negatively correlated with disease duration. GM volume in inferior triangular frontal cortex in COPD correlated with picture memory score	[74]
Case control	25 stable COPD versus 25 controls	NPT	T1 and VBM		[74]
Case control/longitudinal Rotterdam study	N = 165 COPD	-	MRI susceptibility weighted imaging	COPD greater CMBs at baseline independent of risk factors, including medications such as anti-thrombotics. COPD odds ratio 7.1 of developing deep/paratentorial CMB	[55]
Case control/longitudinal Rotterdam study	N = 645 controls	-	MRI susceptibility weighted imaging		[55]
Case control	N = 37 mild to moderate COPD	MMSE	MRI	The hippocampal volume was significantly smaller in COPD. It positively correlated with MMSE score, oxygen saturation in mild to moderate COPD patients, and levels of blood oxygen in both mild to moderate and severe COPD patients	[73]
Case control	N = 31 controls	MMSE	MRI		[73]
Case control	25 stable non-hypoxaemic	NPT	MRI volumes, DTI, rfMRI	No age-related atrophy, reduced white matter integrity and increased resting state activation, whiter matter damage widespread and independent of traditional vascular risk measures, may account for cognitive impairment	[56]
Case control	25 controls	NPT	MRI volumes, DTI, rfMRI		[56]
Case control	N = 25 stable	MMSE	MRI, DTI	Reduced GM density and increased fractional anisotropic values in COPD. Possible correlations with oxygen levels, visual tasks and disease duration. But small numbers, weak correlations	[78]
Case control	N = 25 controls	MMSE	MRI, DTI		[78]
Case control	9 controls	NPT	MRI volumes	COPD had worse global cognition, memory, mood, but no difference in brain volumes or spectroscopy. Controlled for age gender and education	[76]
Case control	18 COPD (9 oxygen-dependent)	NPT	MRI volumes		[76]
Cross-section non-demented elderly community cohort (N = 1,077)	Age 60–90 years	-	MRI	COPD diagnosis had more severe periventricular white matter lesions. But COPD and oxygen not associated with subcortical white matter lesions or lacunar infarcts. Low oxygen saturations independently associated with more severe periventricular white matter lesions	[75]
	Adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, DM, BMI, pack years, cholesterol, Hb, MI, LVH.	-	MRI		[75]

BMI, body mass index; CMB, cerebral microbleed; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; DTI, diffusion tensor imaging; GM, grey matter; Hb, haemoglobin; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; MI, myocardial infarction; MMSE, mini mental test examination; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NPT, neuropsychological test; rfMRI, resting-state functional MRI; SCOPD, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; VBM, voxel-based morphometry.

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