Clinical and imaging features of mixed Alzheimer and vascular pathologies

Table 4 Studies of mixed Alzheimer disease/vascular brain injury with Alzheimer disease defined by cerebrospinal fluid Aβ and phosphorylated tau

Study	N	AD =	VCI/VBI	VBI and AD correlations
ADNI [50]	N = 819	NINDS-ADRDA	VRFs	VRFs were not associated with AD biomarkers
	229 NCI		WMH	Increased time-varying WMHs were associated with faster decline in executive function and lower FDG uptake in NCI
	397 CI
	193 AD
Amsterdam Dementia Cohort [49]	N = 914	NINDS-ADRDA	VCI by NINDS-AIREN criteria	The presence of both MBs and WMHs was associated with lower CSF levels of Aβ42, indicating a direct relationship between SVD and AD pathology (note: could SVD be CAA?)
	337 NCI
	547 AD
	30 VCI			The presence of lacunes was associated with higher Aβ42 in vascular dementia (standardized beta = 0.17, P = 0.07) and lower tau in AD (standardized beta = -0.07, P = 0.05) but there were no effects for Aβ42 or phosphorylated tau181 in AD (note: could SVD with lacunes be arteriolosclerosis?)

Aβ, amyloid-beta; AD, Alzheimer disease; ADNI, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative; CAA, cerebral amyloid angiopathy; CI, cognitively impaired; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; FDG, [¹⁸ F]fluorodeoxyglucose; MB, microbleed; NCI, no cognitive impairment; NINDS-ADRDA, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Association Internationale pour la Recherche et l’Enseignement en Neurosciences; NINDS-AIREN, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Association Internationale pour la Recherche et l’Enseignement en Neurosciences; SVD, subcortical vascular dementia; VBI, vascular brain injury; VCI, vascular cognitive impairment; VRF, vascular risk factor; WMH, white matter hyperintensity.

ISSN: 1758-9193