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Table 6 Aggregate vascular risk for incident dementia

From: Vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease: are these risk factors for plaques and tangles or for concomitant vascular pathology that increases the likelihood of dementia? An evidence-based review

Grade

Study

Age (years)

Mean follow-up (years)

Definition

Number of risk factors

Aggregate risk (95% CI)

      

All dementia

VaD

AD + VaD

AD

B1

Kalmijn et al. 2000 [36]; HAAS

52.7 ± 4.7

27

Random postload glucose, SBP, DBP, BMI, subscapular skinfold thickness, total cholesterol, and triglycerides

Per 1-unit increase in z-score

1.06 (1.02, 1.10)a

1.11 (1.05, 1.18)a

1.06 (0.97, 1.15)a

1.0 (0.94, 1.06)a

      

1.04 (1.00, 1.08)b

1.09 (1.01, 1.15)b

1.04 (0.96, 1.14)b

1.00 (0.94, 1.05)b

      

1.05 (1.01, 1.09)c

1.10 (1.04, 1.17)c

1.03 (0.94, 1.13)c

1.00 (0.95, 1.06)c

      

1.03 (0.99, 1.07)d

1.08 (1.01, 1.15)d

1.03 (0.94, 1.13)d

0.99 (0.94, 1.06)d

B1

Luchsinger et al. 2005 [24]; WHICAP

76.2 ± 5.9

5.5

Self-report history of diabetes, or hypertension, or heart disease, or current smoking

1

   

1.7 (1.1, 2.6)e

     

2

   

2.5 (1.6, 3.9)e

     

≥3

   

3.4 (2.1, 5.7)e

B1

Qiu et al. 2010 [2]; Kungsholmen

81.5 ± 5.0

5.1

Vascular risk profile: SBP ≥160, DBP <70, pulse pressure <70, diabetes, stroke, heart failure

1

1.11 (0.79, 1.58)f

  

1.09 (0.75, 1.60)f

     

2

1.65 (1.12, 2.42)f

  

1.77 (1.16, 2.71)f

     

≥3

2.48 (1.46, 4.20)f

  

2.66 (1.39, 5.08)f

    

Atherosclerosis risk profile: SBP ≥160, diabetes, stroke

1

1.28 (1.00, 1.64)f

  

1.33 (1.00, 1.78)f

     

≥2

2.13 (1.46, 3.11)f

  

2.09 (1.31, 3.34)f

    

Hypoperfusion risk profile: DBP <70, pulse pressure <70, heart failure

1

1.15 (0.90, 1.47)f

  

1.27 (0.96, 1.69)f

     

≥2

1.88 (1.30, 2.70)f

  

2.06 (1.31, 3.34)f

B2

Ronnemaa et al. 2011 [3]; Uppsala

49.6 ± 0.6

29

SBP >140 mmHg, BMI >28, fasting glucose >7 mmol/L, cholesterol >7mmol/L, current smoking

1

1.4 (1.0, 1.9)g

2.1 (0.9, 4.6)g

1.3 (0.9, 1.9)g

0.9 (0.6, 1.5)g

     

2

1.7 (1.2, 2.3)g

2.8 (1.3, 6.2)g

1.5 (1.0, 2.2)g

1.2 (0.8, 2.0)g

     

≥3

2.1 (1.5, 3.2)g

5.1 (2.2, 11.9)g

1.4 (0.9, 1.4)g

0.5 (0.2, 1.2)g

  

71.0 ± 0.6

13

SBP >140 mmHg, BMI >28, fasting glucose >7mmol/L, cholesterol >7mmol/L, current smoking

1

1.8 (1.2, 2.6)g

4.1 (1.0, 17.7)g

1.6 (1.1, 2.5)g

1.3 (0.8, 2.3)g

     

2

1.7 (1.1, 2.6)g

6.8 (1.6, 29.2)g

1.4 (0.9, 2.2)g

1.0 (0.6, 1.9)g

     

≥3

1.7 (1.0, 2.9)g

7.7 (1.6, 37.1)g

1.1 (0.5, 2.1)g

0.4 (0.1, 1.3)g

  1. aAdjusted for age and education. bAdjusted for age, education, and history of stroke. cAdjusted for age, education, and coronary heart disease. dAdjusted for age, education, and adult brachial index. eAdjusted for age, gender, education, APOE ε4 status, and ethnicity. fAdjusted for age, gender, education, APOE ε4 status, follow-up survival status, baseline Mini-Mental State Examination, body mass index, coronary heart disease, and use of blood pressure lowering drugs and, if applicable, for atherosclerosis profile and hypoperfusion profile. gAdjusted for age and education. AD, Alzheimer's disease; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HAAS, Honolulu Asia Aging Study; SBP, systolic blood pressure; VaD, vascular dementia; WHICAP, Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project.