Vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease: are these risk factors for plaques and tangles or for concomitant vascular pathology that increases the likelihood of dementia? An evidence-based review

Table 4 Hypertension and relative risk of incident dementia

		Age (mean ± SD)	Mean follow-up (years)		Number of subjects		RR (95% CI)
Grade	Study			Definition	HTN	NL	All dementia	VaD	AD + VaD	AD
B1	Yoshitake et al. 1995 [11]; Hisayama (n = 828)	73.6 ± 5.9^a	7	Per 1 SD increase (23 mmHg)				1.6 (1.2, 2.2) ^b		1.0 (0.7, 1.4)^b
B1	Launer et al. 2000 [27]; HAAS (n = 3,734)	52.7 ± 4.7 (men)	27	Untreated SBP ≥160	227	2,295	4.85 (1.99, 11.83) ^c	10.68 (3.49, 32.64) ^c	1.75 (0.58, 5.29)^c	-
				Untreated DBP ≥90	132	1,128	4.32 (1.72, 10.85) ^c	4.61 (1.61, 13.19) ^c	2.78 (0.54, 14.25)^c	6.6 (2.0, 21.4) ^c
B1	Kivipelto et al. 2002 [35] (n = 2,293)	50.2 ± 6.0	21	SBP 140-159	-	-	1.9 (0.8, 4.8)^d			1.6 (0.7, 4.2)^d
				SBP = 160	-	-	2.8 (1.1, 7.2) ^d			2.6 (1.1, 7.2) ^d
				DBP 90-94	-	-	1.4 (0.5, 3.6)^d			1.2 (0.4, 3.3)^d
				DBP ≥ 90	-	-	2.3 (1.1, 5.1) ^d			2.0 (0.9, 4.6)^d
B1	Qiu et al. 2010 [2]; Kungsholmen (n = 1,270)	81.5 ± 5.0	5.1	SBP 140-159	127	278	1.22 (0.89, 1.68)^e			1.47 (1.02, 2.12) ^e
				SBP ≥ 160	127	351	1.49 (0.94, 2.37)^e			1.84 (1.06, 3.18) ^e
B1	Rönnemaa et al. 2011 [3]; Uppsala (n = 2,268)	49.6 ± 0.6	29	Per 1 SD increase (18 mmHg)			1.2 (1.0, 1.3) ^f	1.3 (1.1, 1.6) ^f	1.1 (1.0, 1.2) ^f	1.0 (0.8, 1.2)^f
		71.0 ± 0.6	13	Per 1 SD increase (19 mmHg)			1.2 (1.0, 1.3) ^f	1.6 (1.2, 2.1) ^f	1.1 (1.0, 1.3) ^f	1.0 (0.8, 1.2)^f
B2	Shah et al. 2006 [28]; ROS (n = 824)	75 ± 7	6.0	Per 1 mmHg increase in SBP						0.995 (0.986, 1.004)^g
				Per 1 mmHg increase in SBP						1.000 (0.985, 1.015)^g

^aSample mean age and pooled standard deviation (SD) calculated based on mean age ± SD of the male and female groups provided in the paper. ^bAdjusted for age. ^cAdjusted for age, education, APOE ε4 status, smoking and alcohol consumption. ^dAdjusted for age, APOE ε4 status, education, gender, smoking and alcohol consumption. ^eAdjusted for age, gender, education, APOE ε4 status, follow-up survival status, baseline Mini-Mental State Examination, body mass index, coronary heart disease, and use of blood pressure lowering drugs. ^fAdjusted for age and education. ^gAdjusted for age, gender, and education. Entries in bold indicate significant relative risk (RR) ratios. AD, Alzheimer's disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HAAS, Honolulu Asia Aging Study; HTN, hypertension; NL, normal; ROS, Religious Orders Study; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; VaD, vascular dementia.

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