Protein | Alteration(s) in ADa | Association with senescence |
---|---|---|
IL-6 | ↑ in oncogene-induced senescence (OIS); mediates the SASP in vitro; knockdown results in senescence bypass [59, 63] | |
IL-8 (CXCL8) and other CXCR2 ligands/CXCR2 | ↑ IL-8 in B, C, P, focal ↑ CXCR2 in B in plaque-associated dystrophic neurites [66, 68, 69] | ↑ IL-8 and other CXCR2 ligands in multiple in vitro models of replicative senescence; CXCR2 signaling functionally implicated in replicative senescence [59, 63, 64] |
MCP-1 | ↑ in B [65] | ↑ in vitro in multiple models of replicative senescence |
IL1-α | ||
ICAM-1 | ↑ in vitro in replicative senescence [63] | |
IGFBP | Various IGFBP ↑ in replicative senescence; IGFBP sufficient and required for replicative senescence in various models [130–133] | |
GM-CSF | ↑ in vitro in replicative senescence [63] | |
Osteoprotegerin | ↑ in P [136] | ↑ in vitro in replicative senescence [63] |
PAI-1 | CNS homolog neuroserpin ↑ in B [137] | ↑ in vitro in models of replicative senescence and critical for induction [138] |
TGF-β | ↑ in vitro in multiple models of replicative senescence; implicated in inducing replicative senescence [140, 141] | |
WNT2 | Wnt pathway implicated in pathogenic signaling cascades in AD. No rigorous biomarker studies. Aβ implicated as blocking Wnt signaling [142] | ↓ WNT2 in replicative senescence and OIS [143] |
sPLA2/sPLA2R | ↑ group IV isoform of phospholipase A(2) in B [144] | ↑ sPLA2/sPLA2R in replicative senescence; sPLA2 (PLA2G2A) can induce senescence in vitro [145] |
IGF-1 | Some reports indicate ↑ in AD brain [146] | |
MMPs | Various MMPs ↑ in B and P [147] | MMP3 ↑ associated with replicative senescence [148] |